Littelfuse:浅谈如何设计一款高可靠性的汽车CAN总线 (1)

Release time:2025-03-10
author:AMEYA360
source:Littelfuse
reading:384

  CAN总线的应用不仅在工业领域,在汽车电子上的应用更是非常广泛。由于汽车的使用环境相对更复杂、更恶劣,这使得汽车CAN总线非常容易受到外界的干扰,严重时甚至会遭到破坏。所以如何设计一款高可靠性的汽车CAN总线,来保证各个汽车电子设备之间的可靠通讯,是至关重要的。

  下图是典型的CAN口电路设计,在CAN transceiver芯片和connector之间会用到共模电感 (Common Mode Choke) 、电容 (CH1,CH2,CL1,CL2,CSPLIT) 、电阻 (RH,RL) 、ESD及过压保护管 (TVS)。

20250310134145_723.png

  让我们一起来看看这些元器件分别都有什么作用吧!

  1. 共模电感 (CMC)

  CMC的主要作用是用来抑制共模噪声的。CAN总线是通过差分信号来传输的,共模噪声会对信号质量产生比较大的影响,CMC有很高的共模阻抗以及很低的差模阻抗,所以既可以抑制共模噪声,又不会对差模信号产生影响。

  2. 电容 (CH1,CL1,CH2,CL2)

  这四颗电容和CMC构成LC的Π型滤波网络,可进一步加强噪声的滤除。

  3. 电阻 (RH,RL)

  RH,RL的主要作用是阻抗匹配,尤其是在CAN总线线长比较长的时候。为了保证CAN_H和CAN_L的对称性,RH和RL的值必须相同并且尽量选择<1%的高精度电阻。CAN总线的终端电阻为120ohm,所以通常情况下会选择RH=RL=60ohm,功率一般为0.25W。

  至于为什么采用120ohm的电阻,在ISO 11898-2的标准中有如下建议:

  当然,120ohm只是一个推荐值,在实际应用中可以根据测试结果来进行微调。

  4. 电容 (CSPLIT)

  CSPLIT与RH,RL构成RC低通滤波器,用来抑制共模噪声。

  5. ESD及过压保护管 (TVS)

  TVS放置在靠近connector侧,保护后面所有元器件免受ESD、EFT、Surge等的干扰和破坏。这颗TVS比较重要,选型时需要考虑以下要求:

  - ESD测试(ISO 10605, IEC 61000-4-2)

  - 快速瞬态脉冲测试(ISO 7637-2 pulse 3a/3b)

  - 慢速瞬态脉冲测试(ISO 7637-2 pulse 2a)

  - 稳压器故障(ISO 16750-2)

  - 搭接启动(ISO 16750-2)

  - 反向电压(ISO 16750)

  开篇到此结束。下一篇会重点说说上述提到的这些内容,以及相关的TVS选型。


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