电动汽车续航为什么会衰减

Release time:2022-12-09
author:Ameya360
source:网络
reading:2418

  电动汽车车主在驾驶车辆几年甚至几个月后发现自己电动汽车续航减少了,不免对电动汽车安全性、可靠性、稳定性产生怀疑。这是要分析续航减少原因,电动汽车续航衰减主要为三点。

电动汽车续航为什么会衰减

  温度影响:

  电池对低温环境敏感,环境温度越低,可放出电量越少,续航越低。下图1为同一电芯不同温度下可放电量。主机厂通常以25℃环境可放电量标记为100%,温度降低,可放电量减少。这也就是北方冬天电动汽车续航减少会更明显的主要原因,有些电动汽车冬天续航可能不到夏天续航50%。冬天开暖风耗电比空调耗电更多,每小时在3度电~6度电,这也是冬天电动汽车续航减少另一个原因。


  电芯不一致影响:

  电芯不一致可理解为一个电池包中有100串电池,其中有些电池内阻增加或者初始容量存在差异。初始容量差异是由于同批次电芯分拣出现问题,比如同为50Ah容量电池,由于初始充电等误差,制造出来电芯剩余电量可能为50.5Ah、50Ah、49.5Ah。如果把这样的电芯组装在一个电池包内,会出现49.5Ah的电芯先放电完成,比额定50Ah少0.5Ah。这种情况对续航并不会造成大影响,通过BMS系统中电池均衡管理把不同剩余电量电芯均衡为相同剩余电量。

  但是个别电芯内阻增加就麻烦,这种情况可能由于电芯制造过程中工艺差异或者使用过程造成。出现这种情况就会出现充不满,放不完的情况,对续航产生影响,同时对电动汽车安全性也产生影响,极可能发生自燃。


  电芯衰减:

  电芯在使用过程中会自然衰减,根据电芯和充放电循环测试不同电芯衰减程度不同。比如电芯充放电循环2000次电芯衰减20%,衰减20%就达到报废状态,这种情况也是一种正常现象。现在很多企业推出三电终生质保,达到电池报废时进行换电池包就可以了。

  一套良好的BMS系统不仅可以高效进行电芯均衡管理,准确计算电芯衰减率,还可以有效预测热失控。


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