UltraSoC launches “any processor” lockstep solution for safety-critical systems
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UltraSoC launches “any processor” lockstep solution for safety-critical systems

　　UltraSoC has launched the Lockstep Monitor, a hardware-based, scalable solution, that helps functional safety by checking that the cores at the heart of a critical system are operating reliably, safely and securely.　　UltraSoC’s flexible IP supports all common lockstep/redundancy architectures, including full dual-redundant lockstep, split/lock, master/checker, and voting with any number of cores or subsystems.　　The Lockstep Monitor can support any processor architecture or other subsystem, including custom logic or accelerators. Lockstep operation is needed for safety standards such as ISO26262 for automotive, IEC 61508, EN50126/8/9 and CE 402/2013.　　The Monitor consists of a set of configurable semiconductor IP (SIP) blocks that are protocol aware and can be used to cross-check outputs, bus transactions, code execution and even register states, between two or more redundant systems. It can be used with any processor architecture, including those – such as the emerging RISC-V architecture – which lack native support for lockstep configurations. In addition to traditional processor cores, it can also check other subsystems or accelerators. Because it is implemented in hardware, it responds at wire speed and imposes no execution overhead on the host system.　　Unlike more traditional approaches, the Lockstep Monitor includes flexible, run-time configurable embedded intelligence, allowing the SoC designer to tailor the monitoring and response system precisely to the application.　　Monitoring can be implemented at a variety of levels of granularity: at the subsystem level (comparing the outputs of the two processors); at the transaction level (for example comparing bus traffic); at the instruction level, using UltraSoC’s advanced instruction trace capability; and at the most fundamental hardware-level, checking processor internal states or register contents.　　By embedding intelligence in the system, UltraSoC also allows more sophisticated comparisons between the operation of the lockstep processors than can be achieved with traditional solutions.　　RISC-V is gaining increasing traction in safety-critical applications, particularly in the automotive industry. However, the RISC-V ecosystem lacks support for the functional safety and security principles – such as lockstep operation – mandated by global standards such as ISO26262 for functional safety, J3061 for cybersecurity, IEC 61508, EN50126/8/9 and CE 402/2013.　　UltraSoC’s Lockstep Monitor allows any RISC-V system, whether using open source or commercial cores, to incorporate sophisticated safety capabilities.　　Lockstep systems employ two or more processor subsystems running the same code in a redundant backup configuration. The cores may be clock-cycle synchronised, or offset by a small number of cycles, an arrangement that protects against transient errors in the surrounding system.The outputs, code execution or bus traffic from the subsystems are compared and if the results differ, an error can be signalled. Lockstep systems with two processors are typically configured in a ‘master/checker’ arrangement; those with more than two processors may use ‘voting’ or other redundancy schemes.　　More sophisticated “split/lock” processor arrangements may allow the lockstep function to be dynamically engaged and disengaged, allowing the cores to run in redundant mode or to run different code for higher performance.
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Release time：2018-12-03 00:00 reading：8155 Continue reading>>
Stepper Motor
Applications

Stepper Motor

　　Stepper motors utilize a doubly-salient topology, which means they have "teeth" on both the rotor and stator. Torque is generated by alternately magnetizing the stator teeth electrically, and the permanent magnet rotor teeth try to line up with the stator teeth. There are many different configurations of stepper motors, and even more diverse ways to drive them. The most common stator configuration consists of two coils (A and B). These coils are arranged around the circumference of the stator in such a way that if they are driven with square waves which have a quadrature phase relationship between them, the motor will rotate. To make the motor rotate in the opposite direction, simply reverse the phase relationship between the A and B signals. A transition of either square wave causes the rotor to move by a small amount, or a "STEP". Thus, the name "stepper motor". The size of this step is dependent on the teeth arrangement of the motor, but a common value is 1.8 degrees, or 200 steps per revolution. Speed control is achieved by simply varying the frequency of the square waves.　　Because stepper motors can be driven with square waves, they are easily controlled by inexpensive digital circuitry and do not even require PWM. For this reason, stepper motors have often been inappropriately referred to as "digital motors". However, by utilizing power modulation techniques to change the quadrature square waves into sine and cosine waveforms, even MORE step resolution is possible. This is called "micro-stepping", where each discrete change in the sine and cosine levels constitutes one microstep. Theoretically, there is no limit to the position resolution achievable with micro-stepping, but in reality, it is limited by the motor mechanical and electrical tolerances. Some stepper motors are designed specifically for micro-stepping, and consist of tightly matched impedances between the A and B coils, and tighter machining tolerances on the teeth, at the expense of higher cost.　　This animation demonstrates the principle for a stepper motor using full step commutation. The rotor of a permanent magnet stepper motor consists of permanent magnets and a stator which has two pairs of windings. Just as the rotor aligns with one of the stator poles, the second phase is energized. The two phases alternate on and off and also reverse polarity. There are four steps. One phase lags the other phase by one step. This is equivalent to one forth of an electrical cycle or 90°.　　This stepper motor is very simplified. The rotor of a real stepper motor usually has many poles. The animation shown here has only 10 poles, however, a real stepper motor might have 100. These are formed using a single magnet mounted inline with the rotor axis and two pole pieces with many teeth. The teeth are staggered to produce many poles. The stator poles of a real stepper motor also have many teeth, and are arranged so that the two phases are still 90° out of phase.This stepper motor uses permanent magnets. Some stepper motors do not have magnets and instead use the basic principles of a switched reluctance motor. The stator is similar but the rotor is composed of an iron laminate.　　Half Step Stepper Motor　　This animation shows the stepping pattern for a half-step stepper motor. The commutation sequence for a half-step stepper motor has eight steps instead of four. The main difference is that the second phase is turned on before the first phase is turned off. Thus, sometimes both phases are energized at the same time. During the half-steps the rotor is held in between the two full-step positions.　　This stepper motor uses permanent magnets. Some stepper motors do not have magnets and instead use the basic principles of a switched reluctance motor. The stator is similar but the rotor is composed of an iron laminate.
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Release time：2017-04-11 00:00 reading：2271 Continue reading>>

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